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Glossary Of Photography Terms [21]

I ICC International Colour Consortium
Illustrator An Adobe program used to edit digital vector images. It can create original vector images (images created using geometric shapes - lines, curves, polygons) or edit existing vectors. Illustrator is commonly used for graphic design, animation and typography.
Image Compression Image compression is a process used to reduce the file size of digital images while preserving visual quality to a certain extent. It involves algorithms and techniques that eliminate redundant or unnecessary data from the image file, thereby reducing its storage size. Compression can be lossless, where no image data is discarded, or lossy, where some image data is discarded to achieve higher compression ratios. Lossless compression methods, such as ZIP or PNG, maintain all the original image data but may not achieve as high compression ratios as lossy methods. Lossy compression methods, such as JPEG, discard some image information that is considered less important or perceptually irrelevant to the human eye, resulting in smaller file sizes but potential loss of image detail and quality. Image compression is widely used in digital photography, web publishing, and multimedia applications to optimize file sizes for efficient storage, transmission, and display of images across various platforms and devices.
Image Format An image format refers to the specific file structure and encoding used to store and represent digital images on computers and other electronic devices. Image formats define how image data is organized, compressed, and interpreted by software applications and hardware devices. Common image formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and BMP, each with its own characteristics, features, and suitability for different purposes. For example, JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a widely used format for photographic images due to its efficient compression and broad compatibility across platforms and devices. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is preferred for images requiring lossless compression and transparency support, such as logos and graphics. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is commonly used for simple animations and graphics with limited colors. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is suitable for high-quality images and professional printing applications due to its support for lossless compression and color depth. The choice of image format depends on factors such as image quality requirements, file size considerations, and intended use of the image.
Image Noise Image noise refers to random variations in brightness or color that appear as unwanted artifacts in digital images, typically caused by factors such as sensor limitations, low light conditions, high ISO settings, or electronic interference. Image noise can manifest as graininess, speckles, or color distortion in areas of uniform tone or low contrast. Common types of image noise include luminance noise, which affects brightness levels, and chroma noise, which affects color accuracy. Image noise can degrade image quality, reduce sharpness, and affect overall visual clarity, particularly in low-light or high-ISO photography. Photographers use techniques such as proper exposure, noise reduction algorithms, and image editing software to minimize and mitigate image noise while preserving image detail and quality.
Image Quality Image quality refers to the overall visual fidelity, clarity, and accuracy of a digital image, as perceived by the viewer. It encompasses various factors such as sharpness, color accuracy, dynamic range, contrast, and absence of artifacts or distortions. High-quality images exhibit crisp detail, accurate colors, smooth tonal transitions, and minimal distortion or noise. Achieving optimal image quality involves factors such as using high-quality camera equipment, selecting appropriate exposure settings, controlling lighting conditions, and post-processing techniques. Image quality is subjective and may vary depending on the intended use of the image and the viewer's preferences. In professional photography, high image quality is essential for conveying artistic intent, capturing fine details, and producing visually compelling images that meet the standards of clients and audiences. Evaluating and ensuring image quality is a critical aspect of the photographic workflow, requiring attention to technical considerations as well as artistic vision and creative expression.
Image Resolution Image resolution refers to the level of detail and clarity present in a digital image, typically measured in pixels per inch (PPI) or pixels per centimeter (PPC). It represents the number of pixels or discrete units of color contained within the image dimensions, both horizontally and vertically. Higher resolutions contain more pixels, resulting in finer detail, sharper edges, and smoother gradients. Image resolution influences the quality of prints, displays, and reproductions, as well as the file size and storage requirements of digital images. Resolution requirements vary depending on the intended use of the image, with higher resolutions generally preferred for professional printing, large-format displays, and high-quality reproductions, while lower resolutions may suffice for web publishing, social media, and digital viewing. Resizing and resampling techniques can be used to adjust image resolution while maintaining image quality and aspect ratio according to specific output requirements and viewing contexts.
Image Sensor An image sensor is an electronic device used in digital cameras and other imaging devices to capture and convert optical images into digital signals. It is a crucial component that serves as the "eye" of the camera, detecting light and converting it into electrical signals that can be processed and stored as digital image files. Image sensors are typically composed of millions of individual photosensitive pixels arranged in a grid pattern. The two most common types of image sensors used in digital cameras are CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor). CCD sensors use a series of capacitors to capture and transfer charge from each pixel, while CMOS sensors utilize transistors to convert light into electrical signals directly. Image sensors vary in size, resolution, sensitivity to light, and dynamic range, influencing the overall image quality and performance of digital cameras.
Image Size Image size refers to the dimensions of a digital image, typically measured in pixels (width x height) or physical units (such as inches or centimeters) when printed. The image size determines the overall resolution and level of detail present in the image file. Larger image sizes contain more pixels and provide higher resolution, allowing for greater clarity, sharpness, and detail when viewed or printed at larger sizes. Conversely, smaller image sizes have fewer pixels and lower resolution, resulting in reduced detail and image quality. Image size is a critical consideration in digital photography and graphic design, influencing factors such as file size, storage requirements, printing capabilities, and display quality. Photographers and designers must balance the need for high resolution and detail with considerations of file size and compatibility for different output formats and devices.
Image Stabilization Image stabilization is a technology used in digital cameras, lenses, and other imaging devices to reduce the effects of camera shake and motion blur in photographs and videos. It compensates for involuntary camera movements caused by hand-held shooting, windy conditions, or other factors that can lead to blurry images. Image stabilization systems typically employ optical or sensor-based mechanisms to detect and counteract camera shake in real-time, allowing for sharper and more stable images. Optical image stabilization (OIS) involves moving lens elements or sensor components to compensate for camera movement, while sensor-shift image stabilization (IBIS) physically shifts the image sensor within the camera body to achieve similar stabilization effects. Some cameras and lenses feature hybrid stabilization systems that combine both optical and sensor-based methods for optimal performance. Image stabilization technology is particularly beneficial in low-light conditions, telephoto photography, and video recording, where camera shake and motion blur are more pronounced.
Importing Photos Importing photos is the process of transferring digital image files from a camera, memory card, or external storage device to a computer or other digital device for viewing, organizing, editing, and sharing. It is an essential step in the digital photography workflow, allowing photographers to access and manage their image libraries effectively. Importing photos may involve connecting the camera or storage device to the computer via USB cable or card reader and using specialized software or operating system utilities to transfer the files. Many digital cameras and smartphones come with built-in software or apps that facilitate the import process and offer options for organizing and editing photos. Once imported, photos can be stored in local folders, organized into albums or collections, tagged with metadata, and edited using image editing software. Importing photos enables photographers to archive and preserve their images, create backups, and share their work with others through various online platforms, social media, and print media.
Impression In art, generally refers to a quick sketch or simple rendering of an image or scene, intended to capture the "impression" of the moment. Also refers to an indentation created by pressing a hard shape into a softer surface.
Incandescent Light Incandescent light refers to a type of artificial light source commonly used in indoor lighting fixtures, lamps, and household bulbs. It is produced by heating a tungsten filament wire to a high temperature until it glows and emits visible light. Incandescent light bulbs generate warm, yellowish light with a continuous spectrum that closely resembles natural sunlight. While incandescent lighting has been widely used for decades, it is gradually being phased out in favor of more energy-efficient lighting technologies such as LED (Light Emitting Diode) and CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) bulbs, which consume less electricity and have longer lifespans. Incandescent light is often characterized by its warm color temperature and relatively low Color Rendering Index (CRI), which may affect the color accuracy and appearance of photographs taken under such lighting conditions.
Infrared Filter An infrared filter is a specialized optical filter that blocks visible light while allowing infrared wavelengths to pass through to the camera sensor. Infrared filters are commonly used in infrared photography to capture images beyond the visible spectrum, revealing unique textures, patterns, and details that are not visible to the naked eye. By attaching an infrared filter to the camera lens, photographers can selectively filter out visible light and capture images primarily composed of infrared radiation. Depending on the type of filter used, infrared photography can produce surreal and otherworldly effects, with foliage appearing white or light-colored and skies appearing dark. Infrared filters are available in various strengths and designs, including screw-on filters and filter systems that attach to the front of the lens, allowing photographers to experiment with different infrared photography techniques and creative effects.
Ink An ink is a liquid containing various pigments and/or dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an image or text.
Ink and print fading time To lose or cause to lose brightness or brilliance. The fading time of ink jet ink is a direct result of the inks that you choose, as well as the environment where the print is displayed. All dye-based inks fade noticeably under direct sunlight and in interior applications where direct sunlight may fall on the image, and/or, where fluorescent or other UV lighting is present. Although the fading process is inherent in all ink jet inks, certain UV enhanced inks, pigment-based inks, and UV inhibiting coatings will extend the longevity of ink color.
Inkjet Canvas Artist canvas that is specially coated to be printed on using an inkjet printer. The type of coating used will vary from brand to brand, but can result in a canvas that is water-resistant, fast-drying, and/or acid-free (conservation-grade). Additionally, the coatings must be flexible, as canvas prints are generally stretched over a wooden frame. There are 100% cotton and poly-cotton inkjet canvases available. 100% cotton has a richer texture, but the color can vary along the roll. Poly-cotton canvas is very consistent from print to print, but may have less texture.
Inkjet printer Inkjet printers are a type of computer printer that operate by propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper. They are the most common type of computer printer for the general consumer due to their low cost, high quality output, ability to print in vivid color, and ease of use. At KeenART Media, all our canvas prints and fine art prints are created using a top-quality inkjet printer.
Instant Camera An instant camera, also known as a polaroid camera, is a type of camera that produces self-developing photographs shortly after exposure, without the need for external processing or darkroom development. Instant cameras use special instant film packs containing both the photographic emulsion and the necessary chemicals for development within the film itself. When a photograph is taken, the exposed film is ejected from the camera and undergoes a chemical development process, producing a finished print within minutes. Instant cameras gained popularity in the mid-20th century as convenient and portable devices for capturing and sharing memories on-the-go. While digital photography has largely replaced traditional instant film photography in recent years, instant cameras continue to enjoy a resurgence in popularity among enthusiasts and artists seeking the unique tactile and retro experience of instant prints.
IPTC (International Press Telecommunications Council) The International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) is a consortium of news agencies, publishers, and media organizations that develops and maintains technical standards for the exchange of news and media content. The IPTC sets guidelines and specifications for metadata standards used in digital media files, including photographs, videos, and text documents. IPTC metadata standards include fields for descriptive information such as title, caption, keywords, copyright, and creator credits, allowing media organizations to efficiently organize, search, and distribute content across various platforms and systems. IPTC metadata is embedded within digital media files using standardized formats such as IPTC-IIM (Information Interchange Model) and XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform), ensuring interoperability and compatibility with a wide range of software applications and digital asset management systems.
ISO ISO, which stands for International Organization for Standardization, is a numerical scale used to measure the sensitivity of a digital camera sensor or photographic film to light. In digital photography, ISO refers to the sensor's sensitivity to light, with higher ISO values indicating greater sensitivity and lower ISO values indicating lower sensitivity. Increasing the ISO setting allows photographers to capture images in low-light conditions or achieve faster shutter speeds without compromising exposure. However, higher ISO settings also increase the level of digital noise and graininess in the image, reducing overall image quality. The ISO scale typically ranges from ISO 100 or 200 (low sensitivity) to ISO 1600, 3200, or higher (high sensitivity), with modern digital cameras offering extended ISO ranges for capturing images in extremely low-light situations. Photographers adjust the ISO setting based on lighting conditions, desired shutter speed, and acceptable levels of noise to achieve optimal exposure and image quality in their photographs.